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U.S. westward expansion in the 1800s resulted in displacement and cultural suppression for Native Americans.
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A century of broken treaties preceded U.S. westward expansion in the 1800s.
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Lakota women incorporated American patriotic symbols into their beadwork during the 1800s to conserve their cultural values.
Aaron Carapella, Creator of Indigenous territory maps
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"The United States could not exist without Native history having been here first. There’s so many influences that Native people embedded into the fabric of what we call America."
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Creator of Indigenous territory maps Aaron Carapella believes the Founding Fathers expected Native tribes to be absorbed into American society rather than persist as sovereign entities.
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President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830.
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President Grover Cleveland enacted the Dawes Act in 1887.
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The Indian Removal Act and the Dawes Act resulted in forced relocations, including the Trail of Tears.
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U.S. land policies resulted in the division of millions of acres of tribal landholdings.
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Government bounties in Minnesota and the Southwest, along with militia activity in California, reduced tribal territories.
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The U.S. government established boarding schools that sent Native children away from their families with the stated aim of erasing their connections to Indigenous culture, language, and religion.
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Tribal leaders state that Native communities continue to experience the effects of historical federal policies.
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The U.S. government currently recognizes 575 tribes with inherent sovereignty.
N. Bruce Duthu, Chair of Native American and Indigenous Studies at Dartmouth College and a member of the United Houma Nation
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"The U.S. is routinely at the top of the heap in terms of a country that, despite all the flaws, at least now in the last 50 years or so, seems to have gotten it right."
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U.S. tribes have influenced environmental policies and passed legislation to hold non-tribal citizens accountable for crimes in Indian Country over the past half-century.
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Native Americans have one of the highest per-capita rates of military service in the U.S.
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The "Stars, Stripes and First Americans" exhibit at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in New Mexico features a painting titled "Diné Code Talker" by Kee Yazzie.
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Navajo Code Talkers used their language to create a military code during World War II.
Danyelle Means, Executive Director of the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture and a member of the Oglala Lakota Nation
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"Veterans are a huge part of celebration and ceremony within Native communities and are often revered and have their own societies within these communities. So it is something — that aspect of the U.S. and being a warrior for this country — that is very deep-seated in so many Native communities."
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Choctaw, Comanche, Kiowa, Hopi, Muscogee, Sioux, and Seminole recruits also served as code talkers in the U.S. military.
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The Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C., is displaying two dresses to commemorate the nation's 250th anniversary.
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One dress in the installation is a Lakota beaded dress likely created for a July Fourth celebration, and the other is a modern jingle dress featuring a patch honoring Lori Piestewa.
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Lori Piestewa, a member of the Hopi Tribe, died in 2003 from injuries sustained during an ambush in Iraq.
Pauline Thomas, Navajo artist
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"I think it’s very, very important. I don’t want my people to lose their culture. I want them to learn more about their ancestors, where they came from."
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Pauline Thomas is 73 years old and resides in Naschitti on the Navajo Nation.
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Pauline Thomas created a weaving following the September 11, 2001 attacks, which is included in the New Mexico exhibition.
Jami Powell, Curator of Indigenous art at Dartmouth College's Hood Museum of Art and a citizen of the Osage Nation
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"It is OK to have feelings of ambivalence around these issues and the difficult histories that led to this current moment."
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The Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College is displaying works by Native artists as part of its 250th anniversary commemoration.
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Tracy Canard Goodluck serves as the executive director of the Center for Native American Youth and is a member of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin and of Mvskoke Creek heritage.
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Tracy Canard Goodluck stated that essays submitted for a recent competition focused on the 250th anniversary addressed sovereignty, self-determination, and maintaining connections to land and culture.
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