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On October 29, 2025, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority released an update to its Climate Resilience Roadmap.
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In the eighteen months before October 29, 2025, the transit network experienced six floods.
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In the eighteen months before October 29, 2025, the transit network experienced six heat waves.
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In the eighteen months before October 29, 2025, the transit network experienced its driest month on record.
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority proposed allocating $1.5 billion for upgraded flood controls, including high-capacity pumps and elevated station entrances.
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority urged New York City to modernize its combined sewage and stormwater system.
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The National Weather Service warned that New York City would experience gusty winds and one to two inches of rain from an incoming low-pressure system.
Michael Gargiulo, television co-anchor
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"We’ve all seen those cascading water streams in the subway."
Maria LaRosa, television meteorologist
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"We don’t see that coming together today."
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After 3 P.M., a band of heavy rain moved over Brooklyn, dropping more than an inch of rain in less than fifteen minutes.
David Radell, meteorologist
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"Big, round drops, just a bit smaller than a dime. Potentially something folks haven’t experienced before."
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Sheila Goodwin runs a day care on the first floor of her family’s home in East Flatbush.
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East Flatbush is a neighborhood at the bottom of a hill where rainwater can rush in fast enough to breach basements and ground floors.
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During the storm, Goodwin was supervising a room of young children at her day care.
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When stormwater reached knee level inside the day care, Goodwin called 911.
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Firefighters arrived and helped staff carry the children over a fence to a higher floor.
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All of the children and staff were evacuated safely.
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A co-worker told Goodwin that water was rising into her car outside.
Sheila Goodwin, day-care operator
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"The kids were doing our afternoon activities and they were, like, 'Oh, the water’s coming up the door!'"
Sheila Goodwin, day-care operator
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"The water just rushed in. The kids were screaming and hollering."
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Goodwin and a colleague lifted the children onto tables.
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Stormwater can carry gasoline, heavy metals, raw sewage, and rodents from streets.
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At Kingston Avenue and Rutland Road in Brooklyn, Aaron Akaberi, 39, was in a basement apartment with his two dogs when floodwater began surging in.
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Aaron Akaberi carried one of his dogs to higher ground and returned to rescue the other.
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Aaron Akaberi and his second dog drowned during the flooding.
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The bodies of Aaron Akaberi and his dog were recovered by the Fire Department’s rescue dive team after they deployed a pump.
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A flood sensor at Kingston Avenue and Rutland Road recorded 22.4 inches of water at street level between 3:01 and 3:26 P.M.
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Underground spaces at that intersection were inundated with several additional feet of water above street level.
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The day’s total rainfall was about two inches, matching the forecast.
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Two inches of rainfall falling over thirty minutes can overwhelm drainage systems and cause deep ponds in low-lying areas.
David Radell, meteorologist
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"This was, by our computation, about a five-to-ten-year event."
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Some designers are reimagining flood control based on the premise that the safest city is one designed to absorb water.
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Warmer air holds more water, and because the relationship is exponential, small increases in temperature can lead to large increases in rainfall intensity.
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Climate scientists have predicted that warming would bring heavier downpours.
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In recent years, short-duration storms have flooded subway stations, streets, and cars.
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Combined sewage and stormwater systems relied on rainwater to flush the network.
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These combined systems were built for ordinary storms and would back up during heavy rainfall.
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In the 1970s, New York City standardized flood control across its five boroughs, requiring new infrastructure to handle 1.75 inches of rain per hour.
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No recorded storm in New York City reached an hourly rainfall rate of 1.75 inches before 1991.
Carolien Mossel, lead author of a Scientific Reports paper on rising rainfall extremes
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"It was a perfectly acceptable system, at least for the climate we had then."
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Since the 1990s, New York City has experienced eight storms with hourly rainfall rates exceeding 1.75 inches.
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Climate scientists expect that more extreme rain events are coming.
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New York City is built over marshes, creeks, and glacial moraines that become evident during storms.
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Data from Mossel indicate that several of New York City’s most intense hourly downpours on record occurred in the past five years.
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Hurricane Ida delivered 3.15 inches of rain in one hour in Manhattan in 2021.
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Hurricane Ida prompted New York City’s first flash-flood emergency.
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Hurricane Ida killed thirteen people in New York City.
David Radell, meteorologist
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"Hurricane Ida was the real turning point for the National Weather Service in New York."
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Four recent storms in New York City broke hourly and daily rainfall records and were predicted by forecasters.
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