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Twenty years ago, a team of psychologists reviewed audio from almost four hundred university students who had been carrying “electronically activated recorders” (EARs) for several days in a row.
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The EAR devices automatically turned on five times an hour for thirty seconds.
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The book “The Female Brain” asserted that women spoke roughly twenty thousand words a day while men uttered only seven thousand.
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The earlier study found no evidence that women spoke more words per day than men.
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The earlier study estimated that both men and women spoke sixteen thousand words a day on a typical day.
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Matthias Mehl is a social psychologist at the University of Arizona.
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Matthias Mehl helped conduct the earlier study on word counts.
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Matthias Mehl set out to replicate his earlier findings with a data set of audio from more than two thousand people.
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The participants in the replication study were between the ages of ten and ninety-four.
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The audio for the replication study was recorded between 2005 and 2019.
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Matthias Mehl concluded that men and women were equally talkative in the replication study.
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Participants in the replication study spoke an estimated twelve thousand seven hundred words a day.
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The estimated twelve thousand seven hundred words a day is twenty per cent less than the estimate in the earlier study.
Matthias Mehl, social psychologist
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"We thought we must have made a mistake."
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Matthias Mehl stated that the number of words spoken daily seemed to decline by about three hundred and thirty-eight each year.
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Matthias Mehl stated that the annual decline of three hundred and thirty-eight words translates into around a hundred and twenty thousand words a year.
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Matthias Mehl noticed that the decline in daily words was steeper for people under twenty-five.
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People under twenty-five lost an average of four hundred and fifty-one daily words a year.
Matthias Mehl, social psychologist
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"This is many, many minutes of conversations."
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A paper about the decline in daily words was published earlier this year.
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Valeria Pfeifer is a co-author of the paper on the decline in daily words.
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Valeria Pfeifer speculated that spoken words have been supplanted by digital communication.
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Joshua Smyth is a health psychologist at the Ohio State University.
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Joshua Smyth was not affiliated with the study on the decline in daily words.
Joshua Smyth, health psychologist
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"Maybe I don’t have to talk to people about trivial matters anymore, and I’m judiciously pruning my communications to be focussed on those things that are more important."
Matthias Mehl, social psychologist
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Matthias Mehl stated that people do not ask for directions anymore.
Matthias Mehl, social psychologist
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Matthias Mehl stated that people take the self-checkout line at the grocery store and do not talk to their neighbors.
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Gillian Sandstrom is a psychologist.
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Gillian Sandstrom wrote the book “Once Upon a Stranger.”
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Gillian Sandstrom noted that speaking to people whom we do not know has been shown to teach us new things.
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Gillian Sandstrom noted that speaking to people whom we do not know has been shown to put us in a better mood.
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Gillian Sandstrom noted that speaking to people whom we do not know has been shown to make our lives feel more satisfying.
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Matthias Mehl co-created the EAR in the nineties.
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The EAR was created to gauge who people talked to, how often they talked to them, and the kind of language they used.
Matthias Mehl, social psychologist
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"We basically get an unobtrusive record of a person’s day as it naturally unfolds."
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The first version of the EAR was a modified microcassette recorder.
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Matthias Mehl had to call participants in the morning to remind them to flip the tape on the first version of the EAR.
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The EAR now comes in the form of a smartphone app.
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The EAR app passively documents sounds in participants' lives as long as they keep their phones on them.
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Researchers have used the EAR to listen in on postpartum women.
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Researchers have used the EAR to listen in on couples.
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Researchers have used the EAR to listen in on Americans after 9/11.
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Researchers have used the EAR to listen in on young athletes.
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In 1949, eight observers worked in shifts to generate data for “One Boy’s Day,” a report that documented every activity of a seven-year-old in Kansas.
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Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is a psychologist.
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Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is recognized for naming the “flow state.”
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Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi helped develop the experience-sampling method in the seventies.
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In the experience-sampling method, research participants filled out questionnaires whenever a wristwatch or pager beeped.
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Arthur Stone and Saul Shiffman introduced the ecological momentary assessment (E.M.A.) in the nineties.
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Arthur Stone is the director of U.S.C.’s Center for Self-Report Science.
Joshua Smyth, health psychologist
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"When I’m asked to summarize my experiences, it tends not necessarily to reflect my actual experience, but more how I think my experiences are."
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Susan Wenze is an associate professor of psychology at Lafayette College.
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Susan Wenze stated that the EAR does not capture inner experiences or feelings.
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In 2016, a study that used the EAR found that children’s asthma symptoms, such as wheezing, increased when they fought with their family members.
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A study using the EAR found that romantic partners rarely discussed breast cancer after one of them was diagnosed, except to work through logistical considerations.
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A study using the EAR found that when people with rheumatoid arthritis or cancer swore around others they received less emotional support from friends.
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A study using the EAR found that when people with rheumatoid arthritis or cancer swore around others their depression symptoms tended to worsen.
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A review of EAR audio found that people who sighed frequently were not necessarily burdened by negative emotions.
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Charles Raison is a professor of human ecology and psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Charles Raison has used the EAR in several studies.
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Charles Raison stated that people quickly forget they are being recorded.
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Participants in EAR studies usually wear pins disclosing to others that they may be recorded.
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The audio from EAR studies rarely includes discussions of the research.
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People in EAR studies do not seem to change their behavior as a result of being recorded.
Charles Raison, professor
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"After a while, they’d relax."
Charles Raison, professor
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"They’d have sex with it in the room."
Charles Raison, professor
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"They would go to the bathroom with it on."
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In one study on whether morality is a consistent personality trait, the EAR overheard sarcastic remarks.
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In one study on whether morality is a consistent personality trait, the EAR overheard bragging.
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