An investigation by Guardian Australia found that some of the largest pro-One Nation Facebook groups are operated from overseas by foreign digital creators who monetize content. These groups mainly originate from Southeast Asia and India.

Guardian Australia examined 14 prominent pro-One Nation public groups, each having at least 8,000 members. Most of these groups were established in the current year. Timothy Graham, an associate professor in digital media at Queensland University of Technology, stated that "the majority of the examined groups are full of content overwhelmingly fed by what appeared to be a foreign-run, predominantly Indonesian, for-hire engagement farm operation." Graham added, "The people who comment, by contrast, are overwhelmingly genuine, established Australian accounts." He noted, "The operation therefore harvests a real Australian audience for engagement and money."

Many administrators and top posters in these groups are identified as digital creators and offer subscriptions. One group, with over 117,000 members, has at least two administrators whose personal profiles indicate they speak Indonesian and are based in Southeast Asia. Some administrators shared images from Meta's backend, including charts in Indonesian, which showed their content was popular in Australia. Others posted clips illustrating their Facebook earnings from content views, with one creator sharing a screenshot in Indonesian showing Meta would pay US$20 for two posts reaching 50,000 people.

Much of the content in these groups is designed to generate outrage or function as poll bait, often posing yes or no questions. Posts sometimes ask questions such as, "Should Sharia law be banned in the Australia?" Some accounts tracked by Guardian Australia made multiple posts about One Nation's "Fire the Liar" campaign. In one instance, the text and image promoting One Nation's fundraising drive were copied directly from a verified One Nation page. Many posts are duplicated across various groups, sometimes by the same accounts.

ABC Verify's findings indicated that much of the content in these groups is AI-generated, and a theme of Islamophobia is present in the material. An AI-generated image of a woman in a niqab holding a sign that reads "Do you really want to deport us?" has appeared across multiple groups. Two accounts managing another pro-Hanson Facebook group with nearly 40,000 followers appear to be based in India. These India-based accounts previously shared content in Hindi on Indian political topics before posting Australia-centric content. They also provide contact information for brand promotion.

Crystal Abidin, a professor of internet studies at Curtin University, stated, "For a lot of the south-east Asian meme factories, the politics are entirely divorced from the profit making." She said these entities are "for hire." Abidin explained that these accounts might use political posts to showcase their reach to attract brand contracts, grow followers, or earn personal profit through monetization schemes offered by platforms like Meta and TikTok. She elaborated, "Meme factories might be one enthusiastic person with dozens of devices, or it could be dozens of people working coordinatedly." Abidin further stated, "It could be someone working out of their bedroom, just getting informal cash under the table, but it could also be a bona fide digital media company." She added, "Getting clicks for hate views, for outrage, for trolling … For people who are there, not because they like your content, but because they can't look away."

An administrator for the group "One Nation Supporters Australia🇦🇺," which has over 135,000 members, claimed to be federal MP David Farley. David Farley won the Farrer byelection in early May. The account claiming to be Farley was created on May 30 and utilized photos from Farley's campaign Facebook page. This account promoted a financial scheme advising people to withdraw assets from banks to invest in cryptocurrency and also shared AI-generated content supporting Pauline Hanson. The account moderated at least eight public Facebook groups related to One Nation. After Guardian Australia contacted Meta for comment, the account purporting to be David Farley was removed. A Meta spokesperson stated, "We are reviewing the content that was shared [by Guardian Australia] and will remove anything that violates our policies."