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Maxwell Maduka is the co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries.
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Terra Industries is an African defense technology company.
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Terra Industries builds autonomous drone and counter-drone systems.
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Cheap Turkish and Chinese drones and sensor systems have proliferated across Africa.
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Terra Industries uses a software stack called ArtemisOS.
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Terra Industries has a strict human-in-the-loop policy for its systems.
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The Harmattan is a Northwesterly trade wind that blows from the Sahara over West Africa from November to March.
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Terra Industries designs systems for surveillance, perimeter monitoring, search and rescue, environmental analysis, and agricultural uses.
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Over 100 drone strikes have been carried out by terrorist organizations across the Sahel region since 2023.
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Terra Industries produces a mine-detecting unmanned ground vehicle called the Minesweeper.
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Terra Industries announced it would open offices in London and San Francisco.
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Terra Industries plans to serve governments in South Asia and South America.
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Imported Turkish and Chinese drones are cheap and fly fine, but they are difficult to sustain locally, and do not guarantee sovereignty over software and data."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"These drones are also mainly designed for other terrains, then sold as a hard-to-maintain generic kit."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Few are fit for African operating conditions like dust, heat, and patchy navigation systems."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"A single failed part can literally ground a drone for months if there is no in-country support or spares."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"We fill that gap through indigenous build and support from the continent."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Our own software stack (ArtemisOS) keeps autonomy and data under the operator’s control."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Its specifications and communications are tuned for Africa, and we have a strict human-in-the-loop policy."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"The big four for us are heat, dust, humidity, and topography, which affect different parts of the system."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Heat is the trickiest problem."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"It’s just always there, degrading batteries, cutting the drone’s endurance, and cooking the compute needed for the onboard autonomy."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Keeping processing cool enough to stay reliable when the air around it is already hot, and doing it without bolting on weight that costs endurance elsewhere, is very difficult."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Anyone who has been to Africa knows there is a lot of dust."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Harmattan (the Northwesterly trade wind blowing from the Sahara over West Africa from November to March) in particular seems to get into everything, including bearings, motors, and connectors."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"So, we end up caring a lot more about sealing and about how easily you can service a unit in the field than the Ukrainians may."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"The winds here are also stronger and gustier than most imported platforms are equipped for, which eats into endurance."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"You’re doing more work on flight control than in other places just to hold a steady shot or keep the aircraft on station."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Africa is blessed with varying geography, from the Ethiopian highlands and rift valleys to dense rainforest and coastal plains, and all of it affects communication differently, from knife-edge diffraction to signal attenuation."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"We account for that by using dual-band signal hopping and testing various bands."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"We designed around awareness and protection use cases because that’s where the persistent demand is, which offers a bigger and more sustainable market than kinetic effects."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"The day-to-day problems across the continent are very different than the drone use cases you see in conventional warfare in Ukraine."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Here, it’s about a pipeline being tapped, a mine site to monitor, farmland to assess, people to find after a flood."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"That said, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance platforms and strike platforms require similar hardware and software, including airframes, autonomy, datalinks, and optics, as kinetic platforms."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Any serious manufacturer knows the technology isn’t hermetically sealed, so we assume our drones will be used for defensive kinetic purposes."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"For instance, improvised explosive devices are among the most destructive tools affecting both civilians and military personnel in Africa."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Our Minesweeper, a mine-detecting unmanned ground vehicle, protects against improvised explosive devices and unexploded explosive ordnance."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"And non-state actors have been using drones across the Sahel in recent years (since 2023, over 100 drone strikes have been carried out by terrorist organizations across the region)."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"So, the counter-unmanned aerial system mission is also important."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"But we have a firm principle that every armed effect in our systems needs positive authorization from a human operator."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"We don’t and won’t build autonomous lethality: Nothing in our engineering or documentation stack allows a system to decide to engage on its own."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"There are two that stand out, but we’re sure more will pop up."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"The first is communication interception, which opened up a whole internal conversation — operators using our platforms to monitor signals in ways we hadn’t explicitly designed for."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Lawful interception of communication data is paramount to the success of any defense system."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"The second is that some of our operators have been using the aircraft itself as a communication node."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"In environments where ground infrastructure is patchy or nonexistent, the drone has become more of a relay — part of the network rather than just a sensor on top of it."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"We’re trying to minimize future surprises by having as many direct, hands-on understandings of the problem as possible, and working with operators."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"We do mental modelling together with those facing these problems, working from the ground up to iterate our systems quickly when we get feedback."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"But modularity of our systems is key."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"The United States and Europe have established defense primes and a new generation of defense tech companies that are already competing hard for the same government contract dollars."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Inserting ourselves into that market would not be a good strategy."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Yet in our view, the most persistent security challenges are concentrated in places where Western defense systems don’t work well, or aren’t designed for."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"As we’ve done with Africa, we plan to serve governments in South Asia and South America, which also face transnational terrorism, insurgency, border insecurity, illegal extraction, and threats to critical infrastructure."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"We’d like to become the defense prime for the Global South."
Maxwell Maduka, co-founder and chief engineer of Terra Industries
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"Our offices in San Francisco and London will allow us to access engineering talent and capital networks needed to scale the company’s technology and accelerate deployments across these markets."
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