BONN — Preparatory talks for the UN COP31 climate summit concluded in Bonn on a Thursday evening with multiple issues unresolved. Delegations refused to agree to wording that would base decisions on the best available science during the talks.

Delegations from Saudi Arabia, the Arab group of nations, and India objected to language reaffirming climate science and questioned the inclusion of the 1.5C global temperature limit in negotiating texts, arguing that research by scientists in wealthy nations dominates submissions to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Developing nations criticized wealthier countries for delaying progress on a goal to triple adaptation funding. Developed countries reduced overseas aid and prioritized military spending during the period of the talks. Pooja Dave, Adaptation policy coordinator at Climate Action Network International, said, "What we saw was clear bad faith and unwillingness by developed countries to make progress on the global goal on adaptation. You cannot implement the GGA without finance."

Turkey and Australia proposed a target of 35% of final energy to come from electricity by 2035. Turkey will co-host the COP31 climate summit in November, and Australia is a co-president of the summit. Murat Kurum, Turkey's environment minister, stated, "Without electrification, we won't be able to reach any of the targets [of the Paris agreement], so we must go through this transformation. Whether you call it the missing piece of the puzzle or the most important tool that we have in our toolkit, this is the case."