A 15-week military conflict involving the United States and Israel against Iran concluded with a diplomatic agreement. Hostilities began on February 28. The agreement includes terms to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, ease oil sanctions, and resume nuclear negotiations.

Official casualty reports from Iran and Lebanon recorded more than 7,300 deaths since February 28. Hundreds of children and dozens of healthcare workers were among the fatalities. Dr. Iain Overton, Executive Director of Action on Armed Violence, said, "The conflict being fought across multiple countries means casualty figures are often incomplete, delayed or impossible to independently verify." He added, "The final death toll will likely remain contested for years after the conflict ends."

Iranian government records documented at least 3,468 deaths by mid-April, including 1,460 civilians and 2,008 military personnel. The Human Rights Activists News Agency documented 3,636 deaths as of May 18, with 714 individuals listed as unconfirmed. Independent investigations confirmed a U.S. missile strike hit a school in Minab on the first day, killing 168 people including 110 children, according to Iranian officials. The U.S. military opened an investigation. Iranian authorities reported 20 deaths from a strike on a sports hall in Lamerd. The U.S. denied responsibility, though analysts indicated a U.S.-made missile was likely used.

Hezbollah launched rockets into Israel on March 2, following the death of Iran's supreme leader. Israel conducted airstrikes and a ground invasion in southern Lebanon. Lebanese health authorities confirmed 3,912 deaths from Israeli attacks since early March, including 366 women and 247 children. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that 3,000 Hezbollah fighters had been killed. In early March, 41 deaths were recorded from an Israeli operation in the eastern Bekaa Valley. The Israeli Defense Forces said it aimed to recover an airman's remains; Lebanese officials reported three troops and civilians died.

Lebanese authorities reported at least 361 deaths from Israeli strikes on April 8. The IDF stated the strikes targeted 250 Hezbollah operatives, while the health ministry said the majority were civilians. Seven United Nations peacekeepers were killed in Lebanon during the conflict, with the most recent death occurring on June 4.

U.S. President Donald Trump said, "You don't have to knock down an apartment house every time you're looking for somebody, because there are a lot of people in those apartment houses, and they're not all Hezbollah." Israeli authorities reported 60 total deaths from Iranian and Hezbollah attacks, including 21 civilians from missile strikes and 31 IDF personnel in combat. One death resulted from accidental friendly fire. The IDF stated an elderly couple in Ramat Gan died from cluster munition fragments while traveling to a shelter. Iran launched missiles and drones targeting Arab states hosting U.S. installations. Munitions struck civilian infrastructure, and debris from intercepted projectiles fell into residential areas.